A swift punishment, but is it a just one? A $2.5m (£1.5m) fine, a lifetime ban and the likely forced sale of his team. Now commentators have been quick to offer their reaction to Mr Silver’s decision. And why did the investigation only take two days? Does the punishment fit the crime? Mr Sterling may be going away, but this story, it seems, is a long way from its conclusion. Who gets to decide what is “hurtful and offensive” he asks. Mr Silver could have taken a “half measure” and avoided the possibility that Mr Sterling would take the matter to court or he wouldn’t be able to get the full backing of the other team owners, he writes, but he didn’t. A common theme was a concern that the NBA’s decision set a bad precedent, that private comments should not be grounds for public disciplining. He notes, however, that the speed with which NBA players rallied to support the decision indicates that this was the only possible outcome. Tony Manfred for Business Insider. US News & World Report’s Pat Garofalo. The controversy has been at the centre of a media storm ever since the story broke over the weekend. He says Mr Sterling’s “rights were violated”, and he likely won’t be the last to suffer this fate. Dan Calabrese, writing on former Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain’s website, takes issue with the “process” used to punish Mr Sterling. In our zeal to appear righteous or courageous or free of bigotry, a ratings-pleasing mob hell-bent on revenge turned Donald T Sterling – a victim of privacy invasion and white supremacy – from villain to martyr. The New Republic’s Marc Tracy also praises the “swiftness and firmness” of Mr Silver‘s decision. The mainstream fanned the flames, enraging the angry black mob looking for a quick solution, a sacrificial lamb – and now, by the end of the week, we’ll be back to business as usual, pretending the stoning of Sterling harmed the culture that created him. As quickly as support of Mr Silver’s announced punishment rolled in, the praise for Mr Silver‘s actions were far from universal. That was the sentence handed down by National Basketball Association Commissioner Adam Silver on Tuesday in response to the secretly recorded racist statements of Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling. If “pillow talk” made public becomes grounds for punishment, he writes, “it won’t be long before a parade of athletes joins Sterling on Ignorance Island”.
Sterling Silver Wedding Bands
Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by weight of silver and 7.5% by weight of other metals, usually copper. The word in origin refers to the newly introduced Norman silver penny. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the most plausible etymology is a derivation from a late Old English steorling (with, or like, a ‘little star’), as some early Norman pennies were imprinted with a small star. The Hanseatic League was officially active in the London trade from 1266 to 1597. This etymology may have been first suggested by Walter de Pinchebek (c. 1142) uses the Latin forms libræ sterilensium and libræ sterilensis monetæ. 1300) with the explanation that the coin was originally made by moneyers from that region. Another argument is that the Hanseatic League was the source for both the origin of its definition and manufacture, and in its name is that the German name for the Baltic is Ostsee, or ‘East Sea’, and from this the Baltic merchants were called “Osterlings”, or “Easterlings”. Byzantine solidus, originally known as the solidus aureus meaning ‘solid gold’ or ‘reliable gold’. One of the earliest attestations of the term is in Old French form esterlin, in a charter of the abbey of Les Préaux, dating to either 1085 or 1104. The English chronicler Orderic Vitalis (1075 – c. In support of this he cites the fact that one of the first acts of the Normans was to restore the coinage to the consistent weight and purity it had in the days of Offa, King of Mercia. By 1854, the tie between Easterling and Sterling was well-established, as Ronald Zupko quotes in his dictionary of weights. In 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. The British numismatist Philip Grierson disagrees with the “star” etymology, as the stars appeared on Norman pennies only for the single three-year issue from 1077 to 1080 (the Normans changed coin designs every three years). Recent examples of these alloys include argentium, sterlium and silvadium. Such elements include germanium, zinc, platinum, silicon, and boron. Fine silver, which is 99.9% pure silver, is relatively soft, so silver is usually alloyed with copper to increase its hardness and strength. The claim has been made in Henry Spelman’s glossary (Glossarium Archaiologicum) as referenced in Commentaries on the Laws of England by William Blackstone. Because the League’s money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, which was contracted to sterling. Their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, was called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle.
This would have been perceived as a contrast to the progressive debasement of the intervening 200 years, and would therefore be a likely source for a nickname. 12th century in the area that is now northern Germany. Between 1634 and 1776, some 500 silversmiths created items in the “New World” ranging from simple buckles to ornate Rococo coffee pots. The colonies lacked an assay office during this time (the first would be established in 1814), so American silversmiths adhered to the standard set by the London Goldsmiths Company: sterling silver consisted of 91.5-92.5% by weight silver and 8.5-7.5 wt% copper. 3⁄4 pennyweights of alloy, with 20 pennyweights to the troy ounce. Casting was frequently the first step in manufacturing silver pieces, as silver workers would melt down sterling silver into easily manageable ingots. Stamping each of their pieces with their personal maker’s mark, colonial silversmiths relied upon their own status to guarantee the quality and composition of their products. Colonial silversmiths used many of the techniques developed by those in Europe. REX (“King Henry”) but this was added later, in the reign of Henry III. A piece of sterling silver dating from Henry II’s reign was used as a standard in the Trial of the Pyx until it was deposited at the Royal Mint in 1843. It bears the royal stamp ENRI. In Colonial America, sterling silver was used for currency and general goods as well. Although silversmiths of this era were typically familiar with all precious metals, they primarily worked in sterling silver.
Occasionally, they would create small components (e.g. teapot legs) by casting silver into iron or graphite molds, but it was rare for an entire piece to be fabricated via casting. Cutlery sets were often accompanied by tea sets, hot water pots, chocolate pots, trays and salvers, goblets, demitasse cups and saucers, liqueur cups, bouillon cups, egg cups, plates, napkin rings, water and wine pitchers and coasters, candelabra and even elaborate centerpieces. To reduce the amount of counterfeiting of silver items. To identify the silversmith or company that made the piece. He retired a wealthy artisan, his success partly due to this strategic investment. Finally, they would file and polish their work to remove all seams, finishing off with engraving and stamping the smith’s mark. Hammering required more time than all other silver manufacturing processes, and therefore accounted for the majority of labor costs. There was a marked increase in the number of silver companies that emerged during that period. More commonly, a silversmith would forge an ingot into the desired shape, often hammering the thinned silver against specially shaped dies to “mass produce” simple shapes like the oval end of a spoon. From about 1840 to 1940 in the United States and Europe, sterling silver cutlery (US: ‘flatware’) became de rigueur when setting a proper table. The American revolutionary Paul Revere was regarded as one of the best silversmiths from this “Golden Age of American Silver”. With the onset of the first Industrial Revolution, silversmithing declined as an artistic occupation. This was especially true during the Victorian period, when etiquette dictated no food should be touched with one’s fingers. Following the Revolutionary War, Revere acquired and made use of a silver rolling mill from England. To restore the workability, the silversmith would anneal the piece-that is, heat it to a dull red and then quench it in water-to relieve the stresses in the material and return it to a more ductile state. The hammering occurred at room temperature, and, like any cold forming process, caused work hardening of the silver, which become increasingly brittle and difficult to shape. Although he is celebrated for his beautiful hollowware, Revere made his fortune primarily on low-end goods produced by the mill, such as flatware. To note the date and/or location of the manufacture or tradesman. Silversmiths would then seam parts together to create complex and artistic items, sealing the gaps with a solder of 80 wt% silver and 20 wt% bronze. To indicate the purity of the silver alloy used in the manufacture or hand-crafting of the piece. The height of the silver craze was during the 50-year period from 1870 to 1920. Flatware lines during this period sometimes included up to 100 different types of pieces.
The interest in sterling silver extended to business (paper clips, mechanical pencils, letter openers, calling card boxes, cigarette cases), to the boudoir (dresser trays, mirrors, hair and suit brushes, pill bottles, manicure sets, shoehorns, perfume bottles, powder bottles, hair clips) and even to children (cups, cutlery, rattles). Web article by Jeffrey Herman, silversmith, specialist in silver restoration and conservation. As the purity of the silver decreases, the problem of corrosion or tarnishing increases because other metals in the alloy, usually copper, may react with oxygen in the air. Several products have been developed for the purpose of polishing silver that serve to remove sulfur from the metal without damaging or warping it. Sodium chloride (NaCl) or common table salt is known to corrode silver-copper alloy, typically seen in silver salt shakers where corrosion appears around the holes in the top. Use as jewelry rings, bracelets, earrings and necklaces. For example, some leading saxophone manufacturers such as Selmer and Yanagisawa have crafted some of their saxophones from sterling silver. Some brasswind instrument manufacturers use 92.5% sterling silver as the material for making their instruments, including the flute and saxophone. The alloy‘s natural malleability is an obvious physical advantage, but it is also naturally aseptic. Chemically, silver is not very reactive-it does not react with oxygen or water at ordinary temperatures, so does not easily form a silver oxide. However, it is attacked by common components of atmospheric pollution: silver sulfide slowly appears as a black tarnish during exposure to airborne compounds of sulfur (byproducts of the burning of fossil fuels and some industrial processes), and low level ozone reacts to form silver oxide. Because harsh polishing and buffing can permanently damage and devalue a piece of antique silver, valuable items are typically hand-polished to preserve the unique patinas of older pieces. Techniques such as wheel polishing, which are typically performed by professional jewelers or silver repair companies, are reserved for extreme tarnish or corrosion. Use as surgical and medical instruments as early as Ur, Hellenistic-era Egypt and Rome, and their use continued until largely replaced in Western countries in the mid to late 20th century by cheaper, disposable plastic items and sharper, more durable steel ones. The black silver sulfide (Ag2S) is among the most insoluble salts in aqueous solution, a property that is exploited for separating silver ions from other positive ions.